2005 IMO SL #A3

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Four real numbers $ p$, $ q$, $ r$, $ s$ satisfy $ p+q+r+s = 9$ and $ p^{2}+q^{2}+r^{2}+s^{2}= 21$. Prove that there exists a permutation $ \left(a,b,c,d\right)$ of $ \left(p,q,r,s\right)$ such that $ ab-cd \geq 2$.



Without loss of generality, assume that $p \ge q \ge r \ge s$. 

We have $$pq+rs+pr+qs+ps+qr=\frac{(p+q+r+s)^2-(p^2+q^2+r^2+s^2)}{2}=30.$$


Now by the Rearrangement Inequality, we know $pq+rs\ge pr+qs\ge ps+qr$, so $pq+rs\ge10$. 

Then we have

$$(p+q)+(r+s)=9$$

$$(p+q)^2+(r+s)^2=(p^2+q^2+r^2+s^2)+2(pq+rs)\ge 21+2\cdot 10=41.$$

Now because \(p+q\ge r+s\), we must have \(p+q\ge5\). 


Lastly, $$25\le(p+q)^2+(r-s)^2=21+2(pq-rs),$$ so we must have $pq-rs \ge 2$, as desired. $\square$. 

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