IMO Math

Let $ \alpha < \frac {3 - \sqrt {5}}{2}$ be a positive real number. Prove that there exist positive integers $ n$ and $ p > \alpha \cdot 2^n$ for which one can select $ 2 \cdot p$ pairwise distinct subsets $ S_1, \ldots, S_p, T_1, \ldots, T_p$ of the set $ \{1,2, \ldots, n\}$ such that $ S_i \cap T_j \neq \emptyset$ for all $ 1 \leq i,j \leq p$.

Determine all sequences $(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_{2011})$ of positive integers, such that for every positive integer $n$ there exists an integer $a$ with\[\sum^{2011}_{j=1} j  x^n_j = a^{n+1} + 1\]

Let $\Gamma_1$, $\Gamma_2$, $\Gamma_3$, $\Gamma_4$ be distinct circles such that $\Gamma_1$, $\Gamma_3$ are externally tangent at $P$, and $\Gamma_2$, $\Gamma_4$ are externally tangent at the same point $P$. Suppose that $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$; $\Gamma_2$ and $\Gamma_3$; $\Gamma_3$ and $\Gamma_4$; $\Gamma_4$ and $\Gamma_1$ meet at $A$, $B$, $C$, $D$, respectively, and that all these points are different from $P$. Prove that \[ \frac{AB\cdot BC}{AD\cdot DC}=\frac{PB^2}{PD^2}. \]

I.  Am.  Completely.  Shocked.  I couldn't even think, in my dreams, for this blog to blow up so much. I'm glad to know that my solutions are helping people! Keep visiting this blog, more solutions are to come! As of now, I have no plans of closing this blog, and I plan to continue posting daily.  Btw, I won't be posting much of these "X views" anymore, since they're getting so frequent lol. I'll only post at some major number of views, like 100K, 150K, 200K, etc.

An isosceles trapezoid with bases $a$ and $c$ and altitude $h$ is given.  a) On the axis of symmetry of this trapezoid, find all points $P$ such that both legs of the trapezoid subtend right angles at $P$;  b) Calculate the distance of $p$ from either base;  c) Determine under what conditions such points $P$ actually exist. Discuss various cases that might arise.

Let $m$ be a positive integer, and consider a $m\times m$ checkerboard consisting of unit squares. At the centre of some of these unit squares there is an ant. At time $0$, each ant starts moving with speed $1$ parallel to some edge of the checkerboard. When two ants moving in the opposite directions meet, they both turn $90^{\circ}$ clockwise and continue moving with speed $1$. When more than $2$ ants meet, or when two ants moving in perpendicular directions meet, the ants continue moving in the same direction as before they met. When an ant reaches one of the edges of the checkerboard, it falls off and will not re-appear.  Considering all possible starting positions, determine the latest possible moment at which the last ant falls off the checkerboard, or prove that such a moment does not necessarily exist.

Find a method by which one can compute the coefficients of $P(x) = x^6 + a_1x^5 + \cdots+  a_6$ from the roots of $P(x) = 0$ by performing not more than $15$ additions and $15$ multiplications.

Consider a prism with pentagons $A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5$ and $B_1B_2B_3B_4B_5$ as the top and bottom faces is given. Each side of the two pentagons and each of the 25 segments $A_iB_j$ is colored red or green. Every triangle whose vertices are vertices of the prism and whose sides have all been colored has two sides of a different color. Prove that all 10 sides of the top and bottom faces have the same color.

Let $A$ be a $101$-element subset of the set $S=\{1,2,\ldots,10^6\}$. Prove that there exist numbers $t_1$, $t_2, \ldots, t_{100}$ in $S$ such that the sets\[ A_j=\{x+t_j\mid x\in A\},\qquad j=1,2,\ldots,100  \]are pairwise disjoint.

I am speechless. Thank you so much for 10K views! I will try to keep posting interesting content every day. Keep visiting! By the way, I have recently added a new feature in this blog. If you have a specific contest math problem you would like me to solve, please use the "Problem/Advice request" form on the left side of the homepage. It doesn't have to be an olympiad problem, but as long as it is a contest problem you can submit it through the form. You can use the same form if you want to ask for any advice. I will make a blog post regarding your problem/advice request.

Let $n$ be a positive integer and let $(x_1,\ldots,x_n)$, $(y_1,\ldots,y_n)$ be two sequences of positive real numbers. Suppose $(z_2,\ldots,z_{2n})$ is a sequence of positive real numbers such that $z_{i+j}^2 \geq x_iy_j$ for all $1\le i,j \leq n$. Let $M=\max\{z_2,\ldots,z_{2n}\}$. Prove that\[ \left( \frac{M+z_2+\dots+z_{2n}}{2n} \right)^2 \ge \left( \frac{x_1+\dots+x_n}{n} \right) \left( \frac{y_1+\dots+y_n}{n} \right). \]

Let $ABCD$ be a convex quadrilateral whose vertices do not lie on a circle. Let $A'B'C'D'$ be a quadrilateral such that $A',B', C',D'$ are the centers of the circumcircles of triangles $BCD,ACD,ABD$, and $ABC$. We write $T (ABCD) = A'B'C'D'$. Let us define $A''B''C''D'' = T (A'B'C'D') = T (T (ABCD)).$  (a) Prove that $ABCD$ and $A''B''C''D''$ are similar.  (b) The ratio of similitude depends on the size of the angles of $ABCD$. Determine this ratio.

Let $ a, b \in \mathbb{N}$ with $ 1 \leq a \leq b,$ and $ M = \left[\frac {a + b}{2} \right]$. Define a function $ f: \mathbb{Z} \mapsto \mathbb{Z}$ by \[ f(n) = \begin{cases} n + a, & \text{if } n \leq M, \\ n - b, & \text{if } n >M. \end{cases} \]Let $ f^1(n) = f(n),$ $ f_{i + 1}(n) = f(f^i(n)),$ $ i = 1, 2, \ldots$ Find the smallest natural number $ k$ such that $ f^k(0) = 0$

Let $ a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_{100}$ be nonnegative real numbers such that $ a^2_1 + a^2_2 + \ldots + a^2_{100} = 1.$ Prove that \[ a^2_1 \cdot a_2 + a^2_2 \cdot a_3 + \ldots + a^2_{100} \cdot a_1 < \frac {12}{25}. \]

Thanks everyone for 3K views on this blog! I didn't expect it to blow up this much. Keep viewing it, more interesting content is to come!